An overview on d-amino acids | Semantic Scholar (2024)

This review covers the recent development on the natural occurrence, functional elucidations, and analysis of amino acids of the D (dextro) configuration as well as relevant physiology and pathology of D-amino acids.

This concise review focuses on the last 5 years’ progress in this area, pertaining in particular to AMPs that contain d-amino acids, as well as their role, and the advantages that may arise from their introduction into AMPs.

D-AAs are present in a variety of foodstuffs, where they fulfill a relevant role in producing differences in taste and flavor and in their antimicrobial and antiaging properties from the corresponding L-enantiomers.

An overview of the various sources of d-amino acids, their metabolism, as well as their contribution to physiological processes and diseases in man, with a focus on cancer is provided.

The latest advances in chiral derivatization reactions, coupled to LC-MS/MS analysis, have improved the enantioselective quantification of these AAs and allow the separation of several chiral metabolites in a single analytical run, allowing a better understanding of neurological diseases and drug effects on the brain.

Findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms controlling muscle elasticity, representing a theoretical foundation to breed high-quality large yellow croakers.

The study suggests that long-term brain damage in space flight might be reversible at the metabolic level, which lays a technical foundation for ensuring brain health and enhancing the brain function in future space studies.

It was found that D-serine and D-/Total serine ratio were independent predictors of EFS but not of physical frailty, and changes in peripheral glycine and serine enantiomers homeostasis may represent a novel biochemical correlate of frailty.

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Properties such as pH optimum, Km values, and the requirement for pyridoxal phosphate resemble those of bacterial racemases, suggesting that the biosynthetic pathway for D-amino acids is conserved from bacteria to mammalian brain.

D‐aspartate could participate in the regulation of these developmental processes of organs during critical periods of morphological and functional maturation of organs, and may be a tenable candidate for an intrinsic ligand for the glycine site.

It is shown that mammalian serine racemase (SRR), the primary enzyme responsible for brain d-Ser production, catalyses Asp racemization via a two-base mechanism, and that SRR indeed acts as a d-Asp biosynthetic enzyme in some organs and/or tissues.

These findings clarify the cellular basis for the regulation of NMDAR neurotransmission by d-serine and show predominantly neuronal sources of d-Serine dependent on astrocytic supply of l-serines.

M Mammalian cells appear to contain all the molecular components required to regulate D-Asp homeostasis, as they can synthesize, release, take up, and degrade the amino acid.

Among the amino acids, cysteine was observed to be the most sensitive to alkaline and contributed mostly to the formation of LAL throughout the pickling period.

Investigation of localization of D-aspartic acid in rat testis revealed D-Asp immunoreactivity (IR) in the cytoplasm of germ cells, especially around the region rich in elongate spermatids, the most mature of the germ cells.

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